An Enhanced Time Synchronization Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks: CS-TPSN Combining RBS and TPSN

Abstract

Time synchronization is critical for the efficient operation of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), enabling coordinated data collection and communication among distributed nodes. This paper investigates the limitations of existing time synchronization algorithms, notably the Reference Broadcast Synchronization (RBS) and Timing-sync Protocol for Sensor Networks (TPSN). While RBS minimizes synchronization error through broadcast-based methods, it suffers from high energy consumption due to frequent data packet exchanges. TPSN enhances synchronization accuracy via two-way communication but experiences increased overhead in large-scale networks. To address these limitations, we propose the Clock Synchronization Node-TPSN (CS-TPSN) algorithm, which integrates the broadcast efficiency of RBS with the bidirectional accuracy of TPSN. By introducing synchronization nodes and reducing packet exchange frequency, CS-TPSN lowers energy consumption while preserving synchronization precision. Simulation results demonstrate that CS-TPSN reduces synchronization error, minimizes network overhead, and extends network lifespan, providing a scalable and efficient solution for multi-hop WSNs. Future work will focus on addressing mobility to further enhance the algorithm’s adaptability.